THE HUMANITIES THROUGH THE ARTS
T e n t h E d i t i o n
Lee A. Jacobus Professor of English Emeritus
University of Connecticut
F. David Martin Professor of Philosophy Emeritus
Bucknell University
©Universal History Archive/Getty Images
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THE HUMANITIES THROUGH THE ARTS, TENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions © 2015, 2011, and 2008. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
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Bound: ISBN 978-1-259-91687-8 MHID 1-259-91687-1
Looseleaf: ISBN 978-1-260-15418-4 MHID 1-260-15418-1
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All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Martin, F. David, 1920- author. | Jacobus, Lee A., author. The humanities through the arts/F. David Martin, Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Bucknell University; Lee A. Jacobus, Professor of English Emeritus, University of Connecticut. Tenth edition. | New York : McGraw-Hill Education, 2018. | Includes index. LCCN 2017051530 | ISBN 9781259916878 (alk. paper) LCSH: Arts–Psychological aspects. | Art appreciation. LCC NX165 .M37 2018 | DDC 701/.18–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017051530
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iii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Lee A. Jacobus (PhD, Claremont Graduate University) taught at Western Con- necticut State University and then at the University of Connecticut (Storrs) until he retired in 2001. He held a Danforth Teachers Grant while earning his doctor- ate. His publications include Shakespeare and the Dialectic of Certainty (St. Martin’s Press, 1992); Sudden Apprehension: Aspects of Knowledge in Paradise Lost (Mouton, 1976); John Cleveland: A Critical Study (G. K. Hall, 1975); Aesthetics and the Arts (McGraw-Hill, 1968); The Bedford Introduction to Drama (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2018); and A World of Ideas (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2017).
F. David Martin (PhD, University of Chicago) taught at the University of Chicago and then at Bucknell University until his retirement in 1983. He was a Fulbright Research Scholar in Florence and Rome from 1957 through 1959 and received seven other major research grants during his career, as well as the Christian Lind- back Award for Distinguished Teaching. Dr. Martin’s publications include Art and the Religious Experience (Associated University Presses, 1972); Sculpture and the En- livened Space (The University Press of Kentucky, 1981); and Facing Death: Theme and Variations (Associated University Presses, 2006). Professor Martin died in 2014.
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We dedicate this study to teachers and students of the humanities.
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v
BRIEF CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
Part 1 FUNDAMENTALS
1 The Humanities: An Introduction 1 2 What Is a Work of Art? 17
3 Being a Critic of the Arts 42
Part 2 THE ARTS
4 Painting 58 5 Sculpture 91
6 Architecture 121 7 Literature 163 8 Theater 196 9 Music 224
10 Dance 254 11 Photography 276
12 Cinema 299 13 Television and Video Art 330
Part 3 INTERRELATIONSHIPS
14 Is It Art or Something Like It? 352 15 The Interrelationships of the Arts 378
16 The Interrelationships of the Humanities 397
GLOSSARY G-1
INDEX I-1
Source: The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Bequest of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 1979/The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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vi
CONTENTS
Subject Matter and Content 34
EXPERIENCING: Interpretations of the Female Nude 40
Further Thoughts on Artistic Form 41 Summary 41
3 Being a Critic of the Arts 42 You Are Already an Art Critic 42 Participation and Criticism 43 Three Kinds of Criticism 43 Descriptive Criticism 44 Interpretive Criticism 48 Evaluative Criticism 52
EXPERIENCING: The Polish Rider 55 Summary 56
Part 2 THE ARTS
4 Painting 58 Our Visual Powers 58 The Media of Painting 59 Tempera 59 Fresco 61 Oil 62 Watercolor 64 Acrylic 64 Other Media and Mixed Media 65
Elements of Painting 68
PREFACE xi
Part 1 FUNDAMENTALS
1 The Humanities: An Introduction 1
The Humanities: A Study of Values 1 Art, Commerce, and Taste 4 Responses to Art 5
EXPERIENCING: The Mona Lisa 9
Structure and Artistic Form 10 Perception 11
Abstract Ideas and Concrete Images 12 Summary 16
2 What Is a Work of Art? 17 Identifying Art Conceptually 18 Identifying Art Perceptually 18 Artistic Form 19 Participation 23 Participation and Artistic Form 25 Content 26 Subject Matter 28 Subject Matter and Artistic Form 28 Participation, Artistic Form, and Content 29 Artistic Form: Examples 30
Photo: Kira Perov. Courtesy Bill Viola Studio
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CONTENTS vii
6 Architecture 121 Centered Space 121 Space and Architecture 122 Chartres 123 Living Space 125 Four Necessities of Architecture 126 Technical Requirements of Architecture 126 Functional Requirements of Architecture 127 Spatial Requirements of Architecture 131 Revelatory Requirements of Architecture 131
Earth-Rooted Architecture 132 Site 132 Gravity 133 Raw Materials 134 Centrality 136
Sky-Oriented Architecture 138 Axis Mundi 141 Defiance of Gravity 142 Integration of Light 143
Earth-Resting Architecture 144 Earth-Dominating Architecture 145 Combinations of Types 146 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and The Taj Mahal 147
EXPERIENCING: The Taj Mahal 149
High-Rises and Skyscrapers 150
FOCUS ON: The Alhambra 155
Urban Planning 157 Summary 161
7 Literature 163 Spoken Language and Literature 163 Literary Structures 167 The Narrative and the Narrator 167 The Episodic Narrative 169 The Organic Narrative 171 The Quest Narrative 176 The Lyric 177
EXPERIENCING: “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” 182
Line 68 Color 72 Texture 73 Composition 73
The Clarity of Painting 75 The “All-at-Onceness” of Painting 77 Abstract Painting 78 Intensity and Restfulness in Abstract Painting 80 Representational Painting 81 Comparison of Five Impressionist Paintings 81
FOCUS ON: The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 86
Frames 88 EXPERIENCING: Frames 89
Summary 90
5 Sculpture 91 Sensory Interconnections 92 Sculpture and Painting Compared 92 Sculpture and Space 94 Sunken-Relief Sculpture 94 Low-Relief Sculpture 95 High-Relief Sculpture 96 Sculpture in the Round 97 Sculpture and Architecture Compared 98 Sensory Space 99 Sculpture and the Human Body 99 Sculpture in the Round and the
Human Body 101 EXPERIENCING: Sculpture and Physical Size 103
Contemporary Sculpture 104 Truth to Materials 104 Protest against Technology 108 Accommodation with Technology 110 Machine Sculpture 112 Earth Sculpture 113
FOCUS ON: African Sculpture 114
Sculpture in Public Places 117 Summary 120
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viii CONTENTS
Literary Details 183 Image 184 Metaphor 185 Symbol 187 Irony 189 Diction 190
FOCUS ON: Po Chü’i, Poet of the T’ang Dynasty 191 Summary 194
8 Theater 196 Aristotle and the Elements of Drama 197 Dialogue and Soliloquy 198
Archetypal Patterns 200 Genres of Drama: Tragedy 201 The Tragic Stage 202 Stage Scenery and Costumes 202 Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet 206
Comedy: Old and New 209 Tragicomedy: The Mixed Genre 211 A Play for Study: Riders to the Sea 211
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